Urea can be used for the denaturation of proteins and as a mild solubilization agent for insoluble or denatured proteins.

Sucrose can be used in biopharmaceutical processes (both upstream and downstream).

Tromethamine can be used in biopharmaceutical buffer formulations (both upstream and downstream), electrophoresis separations and diagnostic reagent formulations. Tromethamine is especially useful in downstream purification processes.

Amino acids are the building blocks that form polypeptides and ultimately proteins. In addition, amino acids are utilized for the growth and maintenance of cells.