Urea can be used for the denaturation of proteins and as a mild solubilization agent for insoluble or denatured proteins.

Tris HCl can be used in biopharmaceutical buffer formulations (both upstream and downstream), electrophoresis separations and diagnostic reagent formulations. Tris HCl is especially useful in downstream purification processes.

Tromethamine can be used in biopharmaceutical buffer formulations (both upstream and downstream), electrophoresis separations and diagnostic reagent formulations. Tromethamine is especially useful in downstream purification processes.

Sodium hydroxide solution can be used in biopharmaceutical processes (both upstream and downstream).