DTT, Dithiothreitol can be used for maintaining thiol groups in a reduced state during protein processing, isolation, and denaturing.

Guanidine Thiocyanate has commonly been used for the isolation of RNA, to denature globular proteins and for protein refolding studies. It can also be used to facilitate the generation of tryptic peptides for analysis of complex protein samples.

HEPES can be used in cell culture media, in biopharma buffer formulations (both upstream and downstream), and in diagnostic reagents. HEPES based buffers are used in purification bioprocesses of antibodies, bioactives, proteins and growth factors.

IPTG is commonly used in cloning procedures that require induction of β-galactosidase activity.