Tris HCl can be used in biopharmaceutical buffer formulations (both upstream and downstream), electrophoresis separations and diagnostic reagent formulations. Tris HCl is especially useful in downstream purification processes.

Tromethamine can be used in biopharmaceutical buffer formulations (both upstream and downstream), electrophoresis separations and diagnostic reagent formulations. Tromethamine is especially useful in downstream purification processes.

DTT, Dithiothreitol can be used for maintaining thiol groups in a reduced state during protein processing, isolation, and denaturing.

PMSF is often used in lysis buffer to assist in preserving proteins of interest during protein isolation and sample preparation.